Comparative and superlative

Forming Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

One-syllable adjectives.

Form the comparative and superlative forms of a one-syllable adjective by adding –er for the comparative form and –est for the superlative.

One-Syllable Adjective	Comparative Form	Superlative Form
tall	taller	tallest
old	older	oldest
long	longer	longest

• Mary is taller than Max.
• Mary is the tallest of all the students.
• Max is older than John.
• Of the three students, Max is the oldest.
• My hair is longer than your hair.
• Max's story is the longest story I've ever heard.

If the one-syllable adjective ends with an e, just add –r for the comparative form and –st for the superlative form.

One-Syllable Adjective with Final -e	Comparative Form	Superlative Form
large	larger	largest
wise	wiser	wisest

• Mary's car is larger than Max's car.
• Mary's house is the tallest of all the houses on the block.
• Max is wiser than his brother.
• Max is the wisest person I know.

If the one-syllable adjective ends with a single consonant with a vowel before it, double the consonant and add –er for the comparative form; and double the consonant and add –est for the superlative form.

One-Syllable Adjective Ending with a Single Consonant with a Single Vowel before It	Comparative Form	Superlative Form
big	bigger	biggest
thin	thinner	thinnest
fat	fatter	fattest

• My dog is bigger than your dog.
• My dog is the biggest of all the dogs in the neighborhood.
• Max is thinner than John.
• Of all the students in the class, Max is the thinnest.
• My mother is fatter than your mother.
• Mary is the fattest person I've ever seen.

Two-syllable adjectives.

With most two-syllable adjectives, you form the comparative with more and the superlative with most.

Two-Syllable Adjective	Comparative Form	Superlative Form
peaceful	more peaceful	most peaceful
pleasant	more pleasant	most pleasant
careful	more careful	most careful
thoughtful	more thoughtful	most thoughtful

• This morning is more peaceful than yesterday morning.
• Max's house in the mountains is the most peaceful in the world.
• Max is more careful than Mike.
• Of all the taxi drivers, Jack is the most careful.
• Jill is more thoughtful than your sister.
• Mary is the most thoughtful person I've ever met.

If the two-syllable adjectives ends with –y, change the y to i and add –er for the comparative form. For the superlative form change the y to i and add –est.

Two-Syllable Adjective Ending with -y	Comparative Form	Superlative Form
happy	happier	happiest
angry	angrier	angriest
busy	busier	busiest

• John is happier today than he was yesterday.
• John is the happiest boy in the world.
• Max is angrier than Mary.
• Of all of John's victims, Max is the angriest.
• Mary is busier than Max.
• Mary is the busiest person I've ever met.

Two-syllable adjectives ending in –er, -le, or –ow take –er and –est to form the comparative and superlative forms.

Two-Syllable Adjective Ending with -er, -le, or -ow	Comparative Form	Superlative Form
narrow	narrower	narrowest
gentle	gentler	gentlest

• The roads in this town are narrower than the roads in the city.
• This road is the narrowest of all the roads in California.
• Big dogs are gentler than small dogs.
• Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the gentlest.

Adjectives with three or more syllables.

For adjectives with three syllables or more, you form the comparative with more and the superlative with most.

Adjective with Three or More Syllables	Comparative Form	Superlative Form
generous	more generous	most generous
important	more important	most important
intelligent	more intelligent	most intelligent

• John is more generous than Jack.
• John is the most generous of all the people I know.
• Health is more important than money.
• Of all the people I know, Max is the most important.
• Women are more intelligent than men.
• Mary is the most intelligent person I've ever met.

Exceptions.

Irregular adjectives.

Irregular Adjective	Comparative Form	Superlative Form
good	better	best
bad	worse	worst
far	farther	farthest
little	less	least
many	more	most

• Italian food is better than American food.
• My dog is the best dog in the world.
• My mother's cooking is worse than your mother's cooking.
• Of all the students in the class, Max is the worst.

Two-syllable adjectives that follow two rules. These adjectives can be used with -er and -est and with more and most.

Two-Syllable Adjective	Comparative Form	Superlative Form
clever	cleverer	cleverest
clever	more clever	most clever
gentle	gentler	gentlest
gentle	more gentle	most gentle
friendly	friendlier	friendliest
friendly	more friendly	most friendly
quiet	quieter	quietest
quiet	more quiet	most quiet
simple	simpler	simplest
simple	more simple	most simple

• Big dogs are gentler than small dogs.
• Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the gentlest.
• Big dogs are more gentle than small dogs.
• Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the most gentle.



exercises

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Imperative Sentence by kru AA

The Imperative Sentence

Learn About It

An imperative sentence gives a command. It usually end with a period, but it may also end with an exclamation point (!).
Commands ask or tell people to do something.
"Please pass the salt." is a command, that does not sound as commanding as, "Get out of my way!" But, both of these sentences are imperatives because they are both asking or telling someone to do something.

Finding the Subject

This may sound strange, but every single command has the same subject! Yikes! How is that even possible?
Well, since commands are always speaking to someone or something (you've got to address them if you're going to ask them to do something), the subject is always the word you.
You may have noticed, the word "you" is not even in a command. Because of this, the subject is actually called you understood, and it is written like this: (you)
This means that the subject is the word you, but since it is not written or spoken in the sentence, it is understood and is therefore in parentheses

The Imperative Sentence

An imperative sentence gives a direct command to someone -- this type of sentence can end either with a period or with an exclamation mark, depending on how forceful the command is:

Sit!

Read this book for tomorrow.

You should not usually use an exclamation mark with the word "please":

Wash the windows!

Please wash the windows.

Normally, you should not use imperative sentences in academic writing. When you do use an imperative sentence, it should usually contain only a mild command, and thus, end with a period:

Consider the Incas.

Exercise

Exercise ll

Present simple tense by kru'AA

Present simple tense

FORM

[VERB] + s/es in third person

Examples:

• You speak English.
• Do you speak English?
• You do not speak English.

USE 1 Repeated Actions

Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.

                

Examples:

• I play tennis.
• She does not play tennis.
• Does he play tennis?
• The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
• The train does not leave at 9 AM.
• When does the train usually leave?
• She always forgets her purse.
• He never forgets his wallet.
• Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.
• Does the Sun circle the Earth?

USE 2 Facts or Generalizations

Adverb of Frequency   

                 always    100 %           usually    80 %     often     60 %

           sometimes    30 %          seldom    10 %       never     0 %

Examples:

      Sandy always goes to school early.

      Mary usually cooks dinner.

      We often drink milk.

      I never go to London.

                         Sometimes I eat pizza for lunch.


Exercise l

Exercise ll

Exercise lll

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The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things.

Examples:

• Cats like milk.
• Birds do not like milk.
• Do pigs like milk?
• California is in America.
• California is not in the United Kingdom.
• Windows are made of glass.
• Windows are not made of wood.
• New York is a small city. It is not important that this fact is untrue.

USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future

Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well.

Examples:

• The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
• The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.
• When do we board the plane?
• The party starts at 8 o'clock.
• When does class begin tomorrow?

USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening now. This can only be done with Non-Continuous Verbs and certain Mixed Verbs.

Examples:

• I am here now.
• She is not here now.
• He needs help right now.
• He does not need help now.
• He has his passport in his hand.
• Do you have your passport with you?

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

• You only speak English.
• Do you only speak English?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

• Once a week, Tom cleans the car. Active
• Once a week, the car is cleaned by Tom. Passive

Preposition By Kru'AA

       A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition.

A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence as in the following examples:

The book is on the table.

The book is beneath the table.

The book is leaning against the table.

The book is beside the table.

She held the book over the table.

She read the book during class.

       In each of the preceding sentences, a preposition locates the noun "book" in space or in time.A prepositional phrase is made up of the preposition, its object and any associated adjectives or adverbs. A prepositional phrase can function as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. The most common prepositions are

"about," "above," "across," "after," "against," "along," "among," "around," "at," "before," "behind," "below," "beneath," "beside," "between," "beyond," "but," "by," "despite," "down," "during," "except," "for," "from," "in," "inside," "into," "like," "near," "of," "off," "on," "onto," "out," "outside," "over," "past," "since," "through," "throughout," "till," "to," "toward," "under," "underneath," "until," "up," "upon," "with," "within," and "without."

Each of the highlighted words in the following sentences is a preposition:

The children climbed the mountain without fear.

In this sentence, the preposition "without" introduces the noun "fear." The prepositional phrase "without fear" functions as an adverb describing how the children climbed.

There was rejoicing throughout the land when the government was defeated.

Here, the preposition "throughout" introduces the noun phrase"the land." The prepositional phrase acts as an adverb describing the location of the rejoicing.

The spider crawled slowly along the banister.

The preposition "along" introduces the noun phrase "the banister" and the prepositional phrase "along the banister" acts as an adverb, describing where the spider crawled.

The dog is hiding under the porch because it knows it will be punished for chewing up a new pair of shoes.

Here the preposition "under" introduces the prepositional phrase "under the porch," which acts as an adverb modifying the compound verb "is hiding."

The screenwriter searched for the manuscript he was certain was somewhere in his office.

Similarly in this sentence, the preposition "in" introduces a prepositional phrase "in his office," which acts as an adverb describing the location of the missing papers.

Preposition Exercise 

Preposition Exercise ll

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Helping or Auxiliary Verbs by Kru' AA

Helping or Auxiliary Verbs

The verb in a sentence attributed. To help create a sentence Telling question and Negative some sentences


             Verb to do         =    do, does, did

                Verb to be         =     is, am, are, was, were

                Verb to have     =     have, has, had

And  can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must, need, dare, used to, ought to,  etc.

The 3 most common auxiliary verbs are:

Do - Does - Did

Do is used with the present simple tense. Do-Does are used as part of the sentence structure for negative statements/sentences with the present simple tense .

Do- Does are used as part of the sentence structure for questions, with the present simple tense.

______________________________________________________________

Did is used with the past simple tense.

Did is used as part of the sentence structure for negative statements/sentences with the past simple tense.

Did is used as part of the sentence structure for questions, with the past simple tense.

______________________________________________________________

Be - Am - Is - Are -Was - Were

Have - Has -Had

                      DO', 'BE' and 'HAVE' are the English auxiliary verbs used in a negative structure, a question or to show tense. DESCRIPTIONS OF ENGLISH AUXILIARY VERBS:


                     1. 'DO', 'DON'T', 'DOES' and 'DOESN'T' are used for questions and negatives in the Present Simple Tense, and 'DID' and 'DIDN'T' are used in the Past Simple Tense.


                    2. 'BE' is used with the Present Participle in Continuous (Progressive) Verbs. It is also used with the Past Participle in the Passive.


                    3. 'HAVE' is used with the Past Participle to form the Perfect Aspect.

 

Auxiliary Verbs - Chart

Forms of to do	Forms of to have	Forms of to be	Modals
(used with base form of the next verb in the string)	(used with past participle form of the next verb in the string)	(used with present or past participle of the next verb in the string)	(used with base form of the next verb in the string)
do, does, did	have, has, had	am, is, are, was, were	can, will, shall, could, would, should
		be, being, been	may, might, must

Note the words in the shaded area of the chart may sometimes act as single-word verbs.

 

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Auxiliary Verbs Exercise
Auxiliary Verbs Exercise ll

WH - Question by Kru AA

Question

Is the question Who do not want to answer it Yes or No.But would like a breakdown. Do not pronounce sentence at a higher tone.

-Arking a Wh-question is divided into 3 types.

 1. Ask about the subject of a sentence that is who or what(Beginning with the Who or What).

The answer is usually a noun.Divided into 2 groups.

1.1 If the subjectis a man.

Will begin which a question word "Who"Using structured questions below.

Who+verb+Verb to be or Helping verb + Verb or Verb 1+ complement+?

For example

1.Who is in the classroom?

Ans= John is in the classroom.

2.Who can speak Japanese?

Ans= Saowarat can speak Japanese.

1.1 If the subjectis an animal or object.
Will begin which a question word "What"Using structured questions below.

What+verb+Verb to be or Helping verb + Verb or Verb 1+ complement+?

For example.

1.What is in the box?

Ans = Apen is in a box.

2.What can sing?

Ans= Saowarat's bird can sing.

2. Ask about the object of a sentence that is who or what

Begining "who or what"Often answered with a noun or pronounDivided into 2 groups.

2.1 If the object is a man.
Will begin which a question word "Who"Using structured questions below.

Who+do or does+ subject+ verb+complement+? 

For example.

1. Who do you love?

Ans= I love you.

2. Who does Ms.Saowarat hate?

Ans= She hates John.

2.2 If the object is an animal or object.
Will begin which a question word "What"Using structured questions below.

What+do or does+ subject+verb+ complement+?

For example.

What daes Saowarat drink every morning?

Ans= She drinks milk every morning.

3. Ask about the modifier of objects.Such as where / when / how etc..

(Do not start with the Who or What).

May be answered with word or phrases.

3.1 Questions beginning with Where.If you want details on "where".

Using structured question below.

Where+do or does+subject+verb+complement+?

For example.

Where do you go every sunday?

Ans= I go to Nakhonsawan every sunday.

3.2 Questions beginning with When.If you want details on "when".

Using structured question below.

When+do or does+subject+verb+complement+?

For example.

When do Saowarat and Benya watch TV?

Ans= They watch TV at 8 o'clock.

3.3 Questions beginning with How.If you want details on "How".

Using structured question below.

How+do or does+subject+verb+complement+?

For example.

How do you go to University?

Ans= I go to University by bus.

Wh-Exercise

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There is,There are

How to use "There is ,There are"

There is / There are that means "have" when you have something 
and you want to tell.


There is a book on the table.
There is an apple in the basket.


There are two pens under the chair.
There are dogs under the tree.


From the above example sentence is found  There is / There are
 the differences are as follows


1. "There is" Use the singular noun or uncountable nouns.


There is a book on the table.
There is an apple in the basket.
There is water in the glass.




2. There are Use the plural noun.


There are two pens on the chair.
There are eight cats in the room.




There is/There are in question
Forms Is,Are + there................?
To change the format a sentence there is/ there are to a question swicth position
by bringing Is/Are there, then come before the mark? (question mark)


There is a box on the table.(tell)
Is there a box on the table?(question)


There are three cups of coffee.(tell)
Are there three cups of coffee?(question)




Answering question Is there........?/Are there.........?
Is there a question and answer Are there to answer with Yes or No.If you answer Yes to the sentence tell if No need to reply with a sentence followed by a decline.


Are there three books on the table?
No,there aren't.


Is there a bird on the tree?
Yes,there is.


Is there a fish in the tank?
No,there aren't.


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Exercise I
Exercise II